Present Perfect

The present perfect tense is common in English. It is used for many different functions. This page will explain the rules for forming the tense with regular and irregular verbs.

Forming the present perfect tense

This tense is formed using two components: the verb HAVE (in the present tense), and the past participle form of a verb. With a regular verb the past participle ends with -ED (just like the simple past). Irregular verbs have a special past participle form that you have to learn. Here are the rules, using the regular verb “arrive” and the irregular verb “eat”:

Subject	HAVE	Past Participle
I	have	arrived eaten
You	have	arrived eaten
He	has	arrived eaten
She	has	arrived eaten
It	has	arrived eaten
We	have	arrived eaten
They	have	arrived eaten

Note that the subject and auxiliary verb may be contracted: for example, “I have” becomes “I’ve” and “She has” becomes “She’s”.

How to make the past participle form

With regular verbs, the past participle is the same as the simple past. You can form it by adding -ED to the end of the verb. (See Simple Past: Regular Verbs for more information on this.) However, with some verbs, you need to add -EN or change the verb itself. There are no real rules for this; you just need to learn the verbs which are irregular. Sometimes the past participle is the same as the simple past, and sometimes it isn’t. Here are four main categories of verbs with examples. Please note that there are many different ways to form past participles; this is just a small sample.

Category	Present	Simple Past	Past Participle
Verbs which don’t change	cut hit fit	cut hit fit	cut hit fit
Verbs which change their vowel	sit drink dig	sat drank dug	sat drunk dug
Verbs which change their vowel and add -EN	break eat take	broke ate took	broken eaten taken
Verbs which change completely	catch bring teach	caught brought taught	caught brought taught

When you are sure that you understand the lesson, you can continue with the exercises.

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