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If you want to keep on learning and reviewing the name of the Autonomous Communities in Spain and/or the name of all the European Countries click on MAPAS INTERACTIVOS (after the Text to Speech Translator) and have fun.
1. What is a discovery?
2. What is an invention?
3. Name 2 discoveries and their discoverers.
4. Name 2 inventions and their inventors.
5. Is a car a discovery or an invention? Who did it?
6. Is a mobile phone a discovery or an invention? Who did it?
7. Is an electricity a discovery or an invention? Who did it?
8. Is chocolate a discovery or an invention? Who did it?
9. What do discoveries and inventions do for people?
10. In what way are inventions important for our health?
This term project is to solve the Energy Sources Webquest we have created for you.
Work hard, make your best, have fun and enjoy learning about Energy Sources.
Now click and start living a WEBQUEST experience!!!
| Machines are tools that help us do our work. Machines make our jobs easier and faster. What comes to your mind when you think of a machine? Washing machine, sewing machine, dish washer, vacuum cleaner, and lawn mower? Yes these are all machines. They are complex machines made up of many parts. But there are also simpler machines. We have been using them for a long time. Look around your surroundings carefully. Knives, scissors, hammers, screw drivers, nut crackers, wheels, etc. are all simple machines. You will find examples of simple machines everywhere. Complex machines are made up of a combination of these simple machines. There are mainly five different types of simple machines. 1)Lever 2) Inclined plane 3) Screw 4)Wheel and Axle 5) Pulleys Let us look at each one of them one by one. | ||
| Lever - With the help of a lever you can lift a heavy weight with much less effort. A lever consists of a rod, which balances on a fixed point. The heavy object that has to be moved or lifted is called the “Load” Depending on the position of the effort, load and fulcrum, the levers are grouped into three different types. First class levers- The fulcrum is placed between the effort and the load. | ||
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Second class levers- The fulcrum is placed on one end of the rod. Effort is applied on the other end and load is in between. Third class levers- The fulcrum is at one end, the load is at the other and effort is applied in the middle. | ||
 Inclined Plane: Any flat surface can be called a plane. A table top, surface of a book, sheet of paper, plank of wood etc. are all planes. If you tilt and hold them at an angle they become Inclined Planes. This doesn’t look like a machine at all, does it?
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| Try this: Take a marble and put it on a flat surface. Then push it from one end of the surface to another. Though it is easy to push, it does require some effort. Now incline the surface and put the marble on top. What do you see? Use some other objects to try the same experiment. |
| Thus, an inclined plane can be defined as a tool that helps us move heavy objects from a high place to low place and low place to high place. Inclined planes also move things quickly. Trucks are often loaded and unloaded with the help of inclined planes. Wheel chairs can be easily pushed up and down the inclined planes (ramps in buildings and hospitals). Roofs of houses are made to be inclined planes, so rain water will run off quickly and not leak in the house.
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Screw: A screw is a pointed nail with grooves in it. This thread of grooves is actually an inclined plane.  |
Try this-Cut a triangular piece of paper. |
Try this: When you travel you fill your suitcases. Lift a fully loaded suitcase. Try carrying the suitcase around. Your hand starts hurting after a while. Try dragging it around. It would be very difficult and inconvenient. Now put some wheels under it. Put it on a trolley or wagon and pull it around. |
Wheels and axles are used to carry loads around easily, for long distances with very less effort. When wagon wheels are mounted on axles, at the center of the wheel is a bearing which turns on the axle. The inside surface of the bearing is made smooth to make the turning of the wheel around the axle easy with very little friction. Not only that, the bearing is also oiled (lubricated) to make it slippery. This reduces the friction even more and the wheel can turn faster. It is hard to imagine our life without wheels and axles. If we look around us we can see them every where. Most complex machines have wheels in them to turn other parts. For example : Clocks, Mixers and Grinders, Vacuum cleaners, sewing machines, fans etc. Machines like cars, trucks, trains etc move on the wheels and axles. | ||
Try this: Hold one end of a rope in your hand and throw other end down from a height. Tie a heavy load to the other end and try pulling it up by pulling the rope. It will take a lot of effort to pull the load up. But if the rope is passed through a pulley, it would be easier to lift the load. A pulley makes our work easy by changing the direction of the force applied. Instead of pulling the load up you are now pulling the rope downwards. It is always easy to pull down than to pull up. Such simple pulleys (one wheel and rope) have been used for a long time to pull water from the wells, hoist a flag or on construction sites. Such pulleys are used in factories, construction site, docks, and wherever there is a need to lift .
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Here we go again!!!!
Are you ready to learn and investigate about energy and its sources??? About discoveries and inventions?? About electricity and magnetism, light and sound???
Good enough!!
Now, get full of energy and prepare yourself not to lose a single explanation along this electrifying term!!!
and please...
Zoom from the edge of the universe to the quantum foam of spacetime and learn the scale of things along the way!
¿Lo quieres ver en español???
¡Está bien...!! pincha en la reproducción humana.
The sperm swims up the vagina [vaj-eye-na], through the cervix [sir-vix], into the uterus [you-ter-us] and then into the fallopian [fal-o-pe-an] tubes of the female. These sperm are looking for an ovum (or egg) to fertilise.
This fertilised ovum immediately divides into two cells, these cells then divide again and again over the next couple of days as the cluster of cells makes its way to the uterus (womb). Here it is planted in the lining of the uterus and continues dividing its cells to make billions of new cells.
The amazing thing is that each one of these cells contains the same set of chromosomes or ’plans’ that were created at fertilisation!
Over 9 months, these cells will grow into a new person - a baby.
| Doctors have different names for this developing baby. | |
 | 1 day - ’zygote’ |
 | 1 month - ’embryo’ |
 | 3rd month to birth - ’foetus’ [feet-us] (also sometimes spelt ’fetus’) |
When your dad’s sperm and mum’s egg [ovum] got together, they each brought a set of ’plans’ for what the new baby would be like.
 | When the ovum was fertilised and became your first cells, these ’plans’ or genes helped to decide lots of things about you, eg. boy or girl, colour of skin, eyes, hair, etc. |
| Genes are made of DNA (’de-ox-y-ri-bo-nu-cle-ic acid’, if you want the full name). | |
| If you could see your genes they would look like beads on a necklace of DNA. These strands are called ’chromosomes’. |
Usually each cell in a human body has 46 chromosomes.
That first single cell has 23 chromosomes from mum and 23 from dad, which is why you might look like mum or dad [or grandparents] and have similar traits, eg. you and dad may have pointy ears, or you and mum can both wiggle your noses! The chromosomes in a male are slightly different to those in a female. This is a picture of chromosomes in a male. |
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Remember, any one sperm can only fertilise one ovum, so if 2 ova (eggs) leave the ovaries at the same time and are both fertilised then ’non-identical’ twins are born. They may look alike or they may not, just like any brothers or sisters.
If an ovum splits after it has been fertilised, then you get identical twins because they have the same set of genes.
It is called a multiple birth if two or more babies are born at the same birth. Do you know what we call a set of three babies who are born at the same time?
What sex a baby will be is decided when the egg and sperm unite.
Each egg and each sperm have one sex chromosome.
There are two kinds of sex chromosomes - X and Y. Can you see why they are called x and y chromosomes?
Eggs carry only an X and sperm carry either an X or a Y
X+X means the cell will develop into a baby girl.
X+Y means that it will develop into a boy.
| Once you are born, you will grow up into a unique human being - there’s no-one else like you in the world. Even identical twins are not exact copies of each other - they each have their own personalities. |  |
| You may look a bit like someone in your family, but there is only one of you! | |
| You are a completely unique and wonderful person. | |
The place where the embryo plants itself is inside the uterus. The baby starts to grow, and other tissue grows into a placenta [say plas-ent-a].
During pregnancy (the time when the baby is growing in mum’s uterus), the placenta provides oxygen from the air that mum breathes, and nutrients [say new-tree-ents] from the food she eats.
Some of the nutrients from what mum eats or drinks, and oxygen from the air she breathes, goes through the umbilical cord to the foetus. Any waste from the growing baby goes back through the cord into the mother’s bloodstream and passes out of her body.
The umbilical cord is a soft ’bendy’ tube from the placenta to the navel [or tummy button] of the foetus.
There is a sac (like a bag of thin skin) filled with fluid protecting the skin of the developing baby. The baby can move around safely inside the mother for 9 months until he or she is ready to be born into our world.
When sperm are ejaculated [say e-jak-u-lay-ted] from the penis during sexual intercourse, they swim up the vagina [vaj-eye-na], through the cervix [sir-vix], into the uterus [you-ter-us] and then into the fallopian [fal-o-pe-an] tubes of the female. These sperm are looking for an ovum (or egg) to fertilise. 
Do you want to test your knowledge of the senses and answer a few questions about all of them?
Here you have a few funny quizzes to test how clever you are.
Good luck!!
1. What 2 things protect the nose from dust?
2. Where does a smell go into the nose?
3. What does the olfactory nerve do?
4. What are taste buds for?
5. What are the 4 basic flavours?
6. Can you name something sour?
7. Can you name something bitter?
8. Which parts of our skin are the most sensitive?
9. Can you name 2 different textures our skin can identify?
10. What else can our skin identify?
11. Can you give 2 ideas about how to look after your eyes?
12. Can you give 2 ideas about how to look after your ears?
13. Can you give 2 ideas about how to look after your nose?
14. Can you give 2 ideas about how to look after your tongue?
15. Can you give 2 ideas about how to look after your skin?
You bite into an apple and then try to start talking to your friend about yesterday’s math homework. Suddenly something feels funny — one of your baby teeth has fallen out! It’s been loose forever, and now there it is, right in your hand. And you have an empty space in your mouth big enough to poke a drinking straw through.
Before you put that tooth under your pillow, did you know that there is much more to that tooth than meets the eye? A single tooth has many different parts that make it work. And teeth play an important role in your daily life. They not only let you eat stuff like apples, they also help you talk. So let’s talk teeth!
Unlike your heart or brain, your teeth weren’t ready to work from the day you were born. Although babies have the beginnings of their first teeth even before they are born, teeth don’t become visible until babies are about 6 to 12 months old.
After that first tooth breaks through, more and more teeth begin to appear. Most kids have their first set of teeth by the time they are 3 years old. These are called the primary or baby teeth, and there are 20 in all. When a child gets to age 5 or 6, these teeth start falling out, one by one.
A primary tooth falls out because it is being pushed out of the way by the permanent tooth that is behind it. Slowly, the permanent teeth grow in and take the place of the primary teeth. By about age 12 or 13, most kids have lost all of their baby teeth and have a full set of permanent teeth.
Let’s take a tour of your teeth. Look in the mirror at your own teeth or check out a friend’s smile. The part of the tooth you can see, which is not covered by the gum (your gums are the pink, fleshy part), is called the crown. The crown of each tooth is covered with enamel (say: ih-nam-ul), which is very hard and often shiny. Enamel is a very tough substance and it acts as a tooth’s personal bodyguard. Enamel works as a barrier, protecting the inside parts of the tooth.
If you were able to peel away the enamel, you would find dentin (say: den-tin). Dentin makes up the largest part of the tooth. Although it is not as tough as enamel, it is also very hard.
Dentin protects the innermost part of the tooth, called the pulp. The pulp is where each tooth’s nerve endings and blood supply are found. When you eat hot soup, bite into a super-cold scoop of ice cream, fall and hurt a tooth, or get a cavity, it’s your pulp that hurts. The nerve endings inside the pulp send messages to the brain about what’s going on ("That ice cream is too cold!"). The pulp also contains the tooth’s blood vessels, which feed the tooth and keep it alive and healthy.
The pulp goes all the way down into the root of the tooth, which is under the gum. Cementum (say: sih-men-tum) makes up the root of the tooth, which is anchored to the jawbone.
There are 28 permanent teeth in all — eight more than the original set of baby teeth. Between the ages of 17 and 21, four more teeth called wisdom teeth usually grow in at the back of the mouth. They complete the adult set of 32 teeth.
You’ve probably noticed that you have different types of permanent teeth in your mouth. Each one has its own function.
Your two front teeth and the teeth on either side of them are incisors (say: in-sy-zurs). There are four on the top and four on bottom.
Incisors are shaped like tiny chisels, with flat ends that are somewhat sharp. These teeth are used for cutting and chopping food. Think back to that apple you ate: You used your incisors to crunch into the skin of the apple.
The pointy teeth beside your incisors are called canine (say: kay-nine) teeth. There are four of them, two on top and two on bottom. Because these teeth are pointy and also sharp, they help tear food.
Next to your canine teeth are your premolars (say: pree-mo-lurs), which are also called bicuspid teeth. You have eight premolars in all, four on top and four on the bottom. You’ll need to open a bit wider to see these teeth, but when you do, you’ll notice that their shape is completely different from both incisors and canines. Premolars are bigger, stronger, and have ridges, which make them perfect for crushing and grinding food.
If you open your mouth really wide, you’ll see your molars (say: mo-lurs). You have eight of these, four on the top and four on the bottom. Sometimes these are called your 6-year molars and your 12-year molars because that is around the time when they come in.
1. What 4 things do we use our eyes to identify?
2. What do we use our ears to identify?
3. What are the 3 parts of the ear?
4. What 4 things protect the eye from dust?
5. What protects the ear from dust?
6. Can you draw an eye and label the lens and the retina?
7. What do we need to be able to see?
8. What does the optic nerve do?
9. What do the small bones in the middle ear do?
10. Which nerve carries the messages about sound from the ear to the brain?
Click on the image to learn what a booger is and to do a quiz about boogers and snot.
So disgusting!!!!
A big batch of cookies coming out of the oven. Your gym bag full of dirty clothes. How do you smell these smells and thousands more? Its your nose, of course.
Your nose lets you smell and its a big part of why you are able to taste things. The nose is also the main gate to the respiratory system, your bodys system for breathing. Lets be nosy and find out some more about the nose.
The nose has two holes called nostrils. The nostrils and the nasal passages are separated by a wall called the septum (say: sep-tum). Deep inside your nose, close to your skull, your septum is made of very thin pieces of bone.
Closer to the tip of your nose, the septum is made of cartilage (say: kar-tel-ij), which is flexible material thats firmer than skin or muscle. Its not as hard as bone, and if you push on the tip of your nose, you can feel how wiggly it is.
Behind your nose, in the middle of your face, is a space called the nasal cavity. It connects with the back of the throat. The nasal cavity is separated from the inside of your mouth by the palate (roof of your mouth).
When you inhale air through your nostrils, the air enters the nasal passages and travels into your nasal cavity. The air then passes down the back of your throat into the trachea (say: tray-kee-uh), or windpipe, on its way to the lungs.
Your nose is also a two-way street. When you exhale the old air from your lungs, the nose is the main way for the air to leave your body. But your nose is more than a passageway for air. The nose also warms, moistens, and filters the air before it goes to the lungs.
1. How many senses do we have?
2. What is the sense organ of sight?
3. What is the sense organ of hearing?
4. What is the sense organ of smell?
5. What is the sense organ of touch?
6. What is the sense organ of taste?
7. What makes up the nervous system?
8. What do the sense organs do?
9. What do the nerves do?
10. What does the brain do?
Steep and winding mountain roads, highway ramps, slides on the playground, are all inclined planes. 
Even ancient Egyptians had used inclined planes, to lift heavy stones while building pyramids. 
With the help of a marker or crayon color the inclined edge of the triangle. Take a pencil. Then wrap this triangular piece of paper (starting from the broad end and going towards the pointed end) around the pencil. 
The inclined edge will now look like grooves in a screw.
How is a screw a simple machine? It makes our job easy and more efficient. If a nail has to be hammered into wood it needs a lot of force. A screw has a groove on its head for a screw driver. 
If a screw is held against a piece of wood, and its head is turned around with the help of a screw driver, it easily moves inside the wood because of its inclined edge. 
in the center it is called an “axle”. 
